Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, is named Spruance Hall. The heavily fortified islands, former British possessions, were of strategic value because of their good landing strips and naval base. Admiral Ernest J. He was decorated with Order of Leopold and Croix de guerre with Palm by the Government of Belgium for his service for the Allied cause.[26]. Spruance graduated from the U.S. northwestward of Midway. Admiral Spruance said that what they did was to wait until the Japanese ships were refueling, carrying weapons, and preparing their aircraft to attack them because the Japanese were in a vulnerable position. Yet because of his modest, retiring nature, Spruance was never a popular hero in the manner of Admirals Nimitz, William F. Halsey and Marc A. Mitscher. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 - December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral in World War II. During the joint operations leading to the assault and capture of the important enemy bases, complete integration of Army and Navy units was accomplished under his outstanding leadership, enabling all the forces to perform their closely co-ordinated missions with outstanding success.[24]. During World War II, he was commander in the . Japanese supporting aircraft carrier in Aleutian islands campaign. At 8:20 a.m., Nagumos observers reported a group of American ships 200 miles away. He enjoyed hot chocolate and would make it for himself every morning. Notwithstanding their different personalities, Spruance and Halsey were close friends. Spruance was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on July 3, 1886, to Alexander and Annie Hiss Spruance. After three days of pre-invasion bombardment, Marines landed on Roi Islet and captured it the same day. When not in command of the fleet the admirals, and their staffs, were based at Pearl Harbor and planned future operations. Admiral Chester W. Nimitz,, Commander in Chief, Pacific, (right) and, Admiral Raymond Spruance, Commander, Central Pacific Force, (center) Tour Kwajalein Island, Marshalls, February 5,1944, following its capture. Leaving, he assumed command of USS Mississippi. The Battle of Midway was the first major victory for the United States over Japan and is seen by many as . Admiral Nimitz praised Spruance for a remarkable job. Lt Tomanaga leads Japanese Torpedo Bombers to attack the remaining carriers. He began attendance at the Naval War College in 1926, and graduated in 1927. A bust of Spruance is in the lobby. The Fifth Fleet commanders citation read: Responsible for the operation of a vast and complicated organization which included more than 500,000 men of the Army, Navy and Marine Corps, 318 combatant vessels and 1,139 auxiliary vessels, [he] directed the forces under his command with daring, courage and aggressiveness. Spruance's rise to fame . Yorktowns planes hit Soryu as she was turning into the wind to launch aircraft. After these victories, Spruance went back to Pearl Harbour to assist with planning Japans invasion. A. Desegregation of Society Though the fourth, Hiryu, managed to launch bombers which caused critical damage to Yorktown, it too was sunk when American aircraft returned later in the day. The U.S. fleet lost fewer men, but it lost a fleet carrier while the Japanese lost only the light carrier Shoho. On August 1, 1941, he finished his tour in Puerto Rico. During the last year of World War I he was assigned as Assistant Engineer Officer of the New York Naval Shipyard, and carried out temporary duty in London, England and Edinburgh, Scotland. Four fleet carriers and the heavy cruiser Mikuma were sunk; a cruiser, three destroyers, an oiler and a battleship were damaged. As Allied forces battled on the island, Spruance's ships defeated Operation Ten-Go on April 7 which saw the Japanese battleship Yamato attempt to break through to the island. His flagship was badly damaged by the Japanese and was hit by two torpedoes from a Japanese submarine before sinking. But what was important about this actionthe first naval battle in history fought by fleets that never came within sight of each otherwas that the U.S. Navy had thwarted the enemys planned capture of Port Moresby in strategic New Guinea. Commanding the battleship for nearly two years, Spruance was aboard when World War II began in Europe. Spruance began World War II as a gunship admiral, commanding a division of . "Foreward for Midway." US Naval Institute Proceedings 81, no. But his service was not yet finished. It is regrettable that, owing to Spruances innate modesty and his refusal to create an image of himself in the public eye, he was never properly appreciated. The Japanese planned to outwit the U.S. forces at Midway. He did not discuss his private life, feelings, prejudices, hopes or fears, except perhaps with his family and his closest friends. His division was an element of the task force built around the aircraft carrier USSEnterprise and commanded by Vice Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr. It was the only aircraft carrier in the presence of Midway Island to survive the dive bomber attack and launched two and a half waves of planes against the United States Navy. He never smoked, and drank little. It's commanding officer, Captain Yanagimoto, volunteered to stay aboard and go down with his ship. Japanese naval force tasked with the invasion of the Aleutian Islands under Vice Admiral Kakuta with aircraft carriers Junyo and Ryuho. Spruance commanded US naval forces during two of the most significant naval battles that took place in the Pacific theater, the Battle of Midway and the Battle of the Philippine Sea. B. Adding to the surprise factor was the fact that Admirals Yamamoto and Nagumo did not believe the U.S. Pacific Fleet was at sea. The most comprehensive and authoritative history site on the Internet. He was in this post on June 4, 1942, when the Japanese navy attacked Midway Island in force. During the attacks, the Japanese lost twelve warships, thirty-two merchant ships, and 249 aircraft. "[16] Both Fletcher and Nimitz recommended Spruance for the Distinguished Service Medal for his role in the battle. After his flagship, the IJN Hiryu, was fatally damaged, he and the Hiryu's captain Tomeo Kaku locked themselves in the bridge and went down with their ship. On April 1, Spruance began the Battle of Okinawa. In July 1907 he transferred to the battleship Minnesota and was aboard her during the historic around the world cruise of the Great White Fleet from 1907 to 1909. Known as "island hopping," U.S. forces moved from island to island, using each as a base for capturing the next. Hickman, Kennedy. Things did not look hopeful for Spruance and his force on the eve of Midway. help him spread the Gospel?Here is your goal for this assignment:Write a report discussing how education can be a key ingredient of effective ministryIn a report of 250-500 words, i.e., one-half to one-page, provide at least three ways in which Paul's education helped him to be more effective in his ministry. About his intellect he was equally unpretentious: "Some people believe that when I am quiet that I am thinking some deep and important thoughts, when the fact is that I am thinking of nothing at all. That December he was elevated to rear admiral, and in February 1940 he was placed in command of the 10th Naval District (Caribbean), with his headquarters in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Armed with this information, Fletcher ordered Spruance to launch a strike at the Japanese with Enterprise and Hornet while holding Yorktown in reserve in case the other Japanese carriers were discovered. He envied no one, rivaled no man, won the respect of almost everyone with whom he came in contact, and went ahead in his quiet way, winning victories for his country.When we come to the admirals who commanded at sea, and who directed a great battle, there was no one to equal Spruance. With Okinawa's fall in June, Spruance rotated back to Pearl Harbor to begin planning the invasion of Japan. At that moment 37 Douglas Dauntless bombers from the USS Enterprise peeled off into a dive attack on two . Hiryu class Japanese aircraft carrier that was the flagship of the second detachment of the carrier strike force. Landing troops on Saipan on June 15, he defeated Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa at the Battle of the Philippine Sea a few days later. In 1916 he aided in the fitting out of the battleship Pennsylvania and he served on board her from her commissioning in June 1916 until November 1917. They were hurled back decisively, and the losses353 enemy planes downed, 21 U.S. aircraft lostamazed the Americans. Serving in Manila, Spruance remained abroad until resigning his post in 1955. Spruance is depicted as the controversial victor of Midway by G. D. Spradlin in the 1988 TV miniseries War and Remembrance. Covered by fog and lashed by storms most of the time, they were generally unsuitable for air or naval bases. He's one of the finest officers I know of. He never smoked and drank little. Always calm, always at peace with himself, Spruance had that ability which marks the great captain to make correct estimates and the right decisions in a fluid battle situation. Morisons text refers to Spruance, victor at Midway. I can thank heredity for a sound constitution, and myself for taking care of that constitution." On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. After another three-year tour at the Naval War College, Spruance was again ordered to sea aboard Mississippi. [27], Spruance was an active man who thought nothing of walking eight or 10 miles a day. Despite this, some detractors argued that Spruances tactics at Philippine Sea were overly cautious. Weeks later . The Navy honored Spruance by giving his name to a new class of 30 destroyers, the first of which, USS Spruance, was launched in 1973. The US navy ended up winning the battle and historians consider this a major turning point in the Pacific Theater during World War II. Once theBattle of the Philippine Sea came to an end, Spruance returned to Pearl Harbour to help plan other landings in the future. All four of Japans aircraft carriers were sunk, devastating Japans ambitions in the Pacific. President Franklin D. Roosevelt nominated Spruance for promotion to full admiral on February 10, 1944, and he was approved. Retiring to Pebble Beach, CA, he died there on December 13, 1969. Then Nagumo was dumbfounded to receive a search planes report of 10 enemy ships to the northeast, where no U.S. ships were supposed to be. At that time, Admiral Nimitz instituted a unique arrangement in which the command of the vessels which made up the "Big Blue Fleet" alternated between Admiral William Halsey Jr., at which time it was identified as the Third Fleet and Task Force 38, and Admiral Spruance, when it became the Fifth Fleet and Task Force 58. The small Marine Corps garrison scrambled its handful of Grumman F4F-3 Wildcat and Brewster F2A-3 Buffalo fighters, but they were too weak and slow to deter the Japanese. Make sure to provide references and acknowledgement for any sources you use. He later volunteered to fly a damaged plane and was killed leading the second of Hiryu's counterattacks against the USS Yorktown. He was fond of symphonic music, and his tastes were generally simple. On June 4, Spruance and Fletcher engaged four Japanese carriers at the Battle of Midway. Spruance succeeded Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz as Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet and Pacific Ocean Areas in November 1945, a few months after the end of the war. On November 24, Spruance relieved Nimitz as Commander, US Pacific Fleet. Both commanders hoped for a classic battle with the Imperial Japanese Navy, but only Mitschers carrier planes were able to reach the enemy. Admiral Spruance commanded with deadly precision, reported an observer.[20]. Biographies, 20th century collection, Navy Department Library. https://www.thoughtco.com/admiral-raymond-spruance-2360511 (accessed March 1, 2023). With the battleship's completion, Spruance joined its crew and remained aboard until November 1917. The Gilberts attack was planned and directed by Spruance, with the assistance of Rear Adms. Mitschers force pursued the Japanese fleet and engaged it the following day in the Philippine Sea, sinking the light carrier Hiyo and two oilers (in addition to which submarines Albacore and Cavalla had sunk Taiho and Shokaku the previous day). United States bombers sank three Japanese ships. Morison, "Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions: May 1942 August 1942". The Japanese navy could never accept this catastrophic loss. The two admirals presented a contrast in styles as Spruance tended to be quiet and meticulous while Halsey was brash and more impetuous. Richmond Kelly Turner and Harry W. Hill and Marine Generals Holland M. Smith and Julian C. Smith. Naval History and Heritage Command, "Biography of Raymond A. Spruance Press Release July 24, 1941, United States Navy Department", "Adm Spruance's Fitrep after Battle of Midway", Citation, Navy Cross, Raymond A. Spruance, "Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance America's Navy", "News Release: Navy Names Two New Guided Missile Destroyers", "War & Remembrance (Part 3) (May 26 July 25, 1942)", "War & Remembrance (Part 3) (May 26 July 25, 1942) 1988", Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 19411942, The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 19421944, Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 19441945, United States Ambassadors to the Philippines, Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond_A._Spruance&oldid=1137739908, Ambassadors of the United States to the Philippines, High Commissioners of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army), Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States), Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Articles with dead external links from December 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 6 February 2023, at 05:43. Meanwhile, his search planes found no sign of any American warships. Furthermore, Spruance ordered that the air squadrons fly directly to their targets before assembling every squadron into a proper formation, gambling that the attacks would leave the enemy carriers in disarray and delay the launching of their own counterstrike. Early in his career he was He was dragged out of his flagship Akagi before it sank against his will. >The fleet units shielding the Marianas invasion forces were also under Spruances command. Above all, Midway was the turning point that heralded the ultimate defeat of Japan. Spruance, Raymond A. One exception was Admiral John Towers, a constant critic of Spruance, whom Spruance came to despise for his naked ambition.[18]. After further schooling at the Stevens Preparatory School in New Jersey, Spruance applied to and was accepted by the US Naval Academy in 1903. The carriers were on station on June 2, and the following day Japanese transport ships were spotted 600 miles west of Midway Island. John C. Waldron. The Japanese had been battered for weeks by aerial bombardment, and knew the invasion was imminent. Bombs destroyed the bridge of Kaga and set her ablaze from stem to stern. Raised in Indianapolis, IN, he attended school locally and graduated from Shortridge High School. Japanese aircraft carrier attached to the Main Body of the fleet and saw close to no action. British Royal Navy units helped support the landings. His wife, Margaret Dean (18881985), is buried alongside him, as are Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, his longtime friend Admiral Richmond K. Turner, and Admiral Charles A. Lockwood, an arrangement made by all of them while living. Meanwhile, Task Force 58 was busy in the forefront of clearing the Japanese from the 600-mile-long Marianas chain. The defeat effectively destroyed the Japanese Navy's air arm. Spruance was an active man who thought nothing of walking eight or 10 miles a day. He advanced quickly through the ranks, becoming an admiral in 1944. Spruance directed Operation Hailstone against the Japanese naval base Truk in February 1944 in which twelve Japanese warships, thirty-two merchant ships and 249 aircraft were destroyed. [6], Following his return to the United States, Spruance served aboard transport ship USS Agamemnon, before he was ordered to Bath Iron Works in Bath, Maine, for duty in connection with fitting out of destroyer USS Aaron Ward in March 1919. He served as Assistant Chief of Staff under Vice admiral Philip Andrews during the period of tensions between Greece and Turkey and was decorated with the Gold Cross of the Order of the Savior by the Government of Greece for his service. How can these and the knowledge they provide be used to spread His Word? Fletcher would command Task Force 17, but the task force flag ship, USSYorktown, had been badly damaged at the Battle of the Coral Sea and the formation's other carrier, Lexington, had been sunk, but at Nimitz's behest Yorktown was patched-repaired in "rush" time purposefully to join the Midway operation.[11]. The assault began at dawn on November 20, 1943, and the fighting raged for 76 hours. As the war progressed, Spruance became one of two primary . Spruance received the Navy Cross for his actions at Iwo Jima and Okinawa.[23]. Official Navy historian Samuel Eliot Morison characterized Spruance's performance as "superb", and he was nicknamed "electric brain" for his calmness even in moments of supreme crisis, a reputation enhanced by his successful tactics. But they expected it to come at the obvious and exposed outer fringe, and when we struck at the heart of the archipelago with a huge fleet that had approached undetected, we enjoyed complete tactical surprise. But several hours laternear the end of daylight hoursa U.S. scout plane located Hiry again. By shortly after 9 a.m., planes from Yorktown were also on their way. He was then ordered to the China station, with sea duty aboard the battleship Connecticut and the cruiser Cincinnati. It is still the largest warship built to date and survived the battle undamaged as it never came near the battlefield despite Yamamoto's protests. He commanded the battleship USS Mississippi from April 1938 to December 1939, when he was promoted to rear admiral. Midway Island sent a false message stating that its water distillation plant had been damaged and that the base needed fresh water. The two admirals were a contrast in styles. [3] After the war, Spruance was appointed President of the Naval War College, and later served as American ambassador to the Philippines. Spruance became a shadowy sort of legend in the Navy. Spruance was calculating and cautious. Admiral Spruance explained the U.S. victory at Midway in the following way. No detail was too small to bring these American prisoners home. The Iwo Jima and Okinawa actions lasted from January to May 1945, and in August the Japanese surrendered. D. The Pope lived in Constantinople. Finishing the course, he completed a tour in the Office of Naval Intelligence before being posted to USS Mississippi (BB-41) in October 1929 as executive officer. Admiral Yamamoto had hoped to fight a classic-style sea battle with battleships, but Spruance had proved that the aircraft carrier was now emerging as the capital ship of naval combat forces. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Its commanding officers Admiral Yamaguchi and the ship's captain both stayed aboard their ship. Having been promoted to rear admiral in December 1939, he was directed to assume command of the Tenth Naval District (San Juan, PR) in February 1940. Falling ill with shingles, Halsey recommended that Spruance lead Task Force 16, centered on the carriers USS Enterprise (CV-6) and USS Hornet (CV-8), in his stead. society in the 1950s? Admiral Yamamoto commanded the combined invasion fleet from aboard his flagship Yamato. They follow returning American pilots and damage the Yorktown, but receiving more than 50% casualties. And with this battle the American forces gained, and afterwards continued to gain, hard combat experience; so the Japanese lost that crucial advantage as well. His squadron successfully ambushed and sank 3 Japanese Aircraft Carriers, Lieutenant in command of the USS Hornet air group. It was hit multiple times by aircraft from the IJN Hiryu and later torpedoed by a Japanese submarine before sinking. It would become on of the last aircraft carriers to be sunk in a war in all of history during the battle of Leyte Gulf 2-3 years later. In August 1943, Spruance, now a vice admiral, returned to sea as Commander Central Pacific Force. . His entry in Whos Who in America was only three lines long (including his full name), and a footnote in Morisons monumental history of the U.S. Navy in World War II testifies to his modesty. When I look at myself objectively, he wrote in retirement, I think that what success I may have achieved through life is largely due to the fact that I am a good judge of men. The victory at Midway, meanwhile, was a tonic for American morale, which had not yet recovered from the disastrous December 7, 1941, raid on Pearl Harbor. 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how does admiral spruance explain the us victory at midway quizlet