This article was originally published with the title "The Effects of Moonlight" in Scientific American 13, 37, 289 (May 1858), doi:10.1038/scientificamerican05221858-289, Daryl G. Kimball and Frank von Hippel | Opinion. Considering the isoflavone chemical structure, potential health adverse effects of these compounds related to their estrogenic activity have been postulated, despite the scientific opinion offered by EFSA indicating that isoflavone intake was safe. The water in the ocean on the side of the Earth closest to the moon experiences a larger gravitational attraction than the water on the opposite side. Possible mechanism of action of isoflavones for cancer prevention. Publishers Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Another meta-analysis explored the effects of several pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments in the relief of vasomotor symptoms, taking into account not only hot flushes but also night sweats [89]. Modified from Mace et al. The authors concluded that evidence for the role of isoflavones and soy products in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases was scarce and inconclusive. The conclusion was that isoflavones exerted little influence over bone mineral density and thus over bone health during menopause, although not all the studies observed the same effect. In the systematic review reported by Perna et al. Nachvak S.M., Moradi S., Anjom-Shoae J., Rahmani J., Nasiri M., Maleki V., Sadeghi O. Soy, Soy Isoflavones, and Protein Intake in Relation to Mortality from All Causes, Cancers, and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. The authors observed that soy isoflavone consumption was inversely associated with cancer deaths. Arjmandi B.H., Smith B.J. Ingram D., Sanders K., Kolybaba M., Lopez D. Case-control study of phyto-oestrogens and breast cancer. Equol is produced from the isoflavone daidzein by intestinal bacteria, mainly in the large intestine. Chadha R., Bhalla Y., Jain A., Chadha K., Karan M. Dietary Soy Isoflavone: A Mechanistic Insight. Ten studies reported a significant reduction in hot flush frequency in the phytoestrogen group when compared with the placebo group. However, the authors pointed out several limitations of this study, such as the important source of heterogeneity in their study. In fact, the number of isoflavones present was very variable among the different soy food types. That's what behavioral ecologist Jenny York learned while studying white-browed sparrow weavers . Rienks J., Barbaresko J., Nthlings U. The effect of the moon on planting times is stated as a matter of fact in such popular publications as The Old Farmer's Almanac and books such as Gardening and Planting by the Moon 2018, and, of course, calendars such as The Biodynamic Sowing and Planting Calendar 2018. Day A.J., Caada F.J., Daz J.C., Kroon P.A., Mclauchlan R., Faulds C.B., Plumb G.W., Morgan M.R., Williamson G. Dietary flavonoid and isoflavone glycosides are hydrolysed by the lactase site of lactase phlorizin hydrolase. From laboratory experiments, it's known that light intensities as low as 0.1 lux (approximately 0.01 foot-candle) during the night can influence photoperiodic time measurement in some plants and animals. In contrast, red clover was not associated with changes in the hot flush frequency. Due to the presence of biologically active compounds, walnut was used in the . Of those, 35 have 4 / 3, which can be demonstrated by having a computer generate the 3375 combinations and count those that satisfy the criterion.Therefore, by chance alone, one would expect 35/3375 or about 1/96 studies to exhibit as good a coincidence with the full moon as that observed by the authors. However, the authors suggested that more prospective cohort studies are needed to further investigate this association and that the quantity of isoflavone intake should be accurately measured because flavonoid contents in food can vary significantly. Possible mechanism of action of isoflavones for menopausal symptoms. However, it is important to point out that the beneficial effects of soy isoflavone consumption have been exhibited by women with estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer, but not by women with receptor-positive breast cancer, who present a better prognosis [62]. Akhlaghi M., Ghasemi Nasab M., Riasatian M., Sadeghi F. Soy isoflavones prevent bone resorption and loss, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. In Japanese men, pre-diagnostic circulating levels of genistein, daidzein and equol did not significantly affect prostate cancer risk. Zhao T.T., Jin F., Li J.G., Xu Y.Y., Dong H.T., Liu Q., Xing P., Zhu G.L., Xu H., Miao Z.F. (2020) carried out their meta-analysis of 63 controlled trials, including 6427 postmenopausal women and concluded that isoflavones improve bone density at the lumbar spine, femoral neck and the distal radius in menopausal women [50]. Vlachopoulos C., Aznaouridis K., Stefanadis C. Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. As previously mentioned, soybeans and their derived foodstuffs are the main isoflavone sources in the human diet, at least if we do not consider red clover extract supplements, which are being widely used by menopausal women as nutraceutical therapy [13]. That aluminum may be harmful to plants as well as animals. Hairi H.A., Shuid A.N., Ibrahim N., Jamal J.A., Mohamed N., Mohamed I.N. At high elevations, acidic fog and clouds might . Thirty-seven articles presenting evidence of the physiological effects of viewing nature were selected. Therefore, it is necessary to support these results with additional studies. The authors reported that isoflavone intake from soy products and legumes was associated with a 19% reduction in endometrial cancer risk. Prez-Cornago et al. ; WritingOriginal Draft Preparation, S.G.-Z., M.G.-A., A.F.-Q., I.E. Despite the positive effect of isoflavones, the authors emphasized that the effects took a long time to appear. Prospective study on usual dietary phytoestrogen intake and cardiovascular disease risk in Western women. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal However, it is important to mention that this connection has been established based on pre-clinical studies, whereas data derived from clinical trials have not demonstrated such association [92]. The authors found a statistical inverse association between isoflavone consumption and colorectal cancer risk in case-control studies, although not in cohort studies. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, https://data.nal.usda.gov/dataset/usda-database-isoflavone-content-selected-foods-release-20, Acetyldaidzin, acetylgenistin, acetylglycitin, Malonyldaidzin, malonylgenistin, malonylglycitin, Moderate attenuation of bone loss, primarily at the level of the lumbar spine and the femoral neck, Prevention of osteoporosis-related bone loss in any weight status or treatment duration, Isoflavone interventions, genistein (54 mg/day) and ipriflavone (600 mg/day) in particular hold great promise in the prevention and treatment of bone mineral density, Probably they have beneficial effects on bone health in menopausal women but there are controversial reports about changes in bone mineral density, Soy isoflavones (2080 mg) and equol (10 mg), 1Meta-analysis 1Systematic review and 1clinical trial, Attenuation of lumbar spine bone mineral density, Prospective cohort and case-control studies, 508,841 participants, 17,269 with CVD events (stroke, coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke), No associations between soy isoflavones consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and coronary heart disease, 548 participants (272 case and 276 controls), Non-significant change in flow-mediated dilation (parameter of endothelial function), Various designs (double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design, crossover design), Isoflavones 80118 mg/day and 10 mg/day of S-equol, Positive effect of soy isoflavones on arterial stiffness, 1391268 menopausal and postmenopausal women, Reduction in total cholesterol and triglyceride plasma concentrations, 337 healthy, diabetic or hypercholesterolemic individuals, Reduction in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, Decreased risk of acute coronary syndrome or coronary heart disease, 9% lower risk of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer mortality, Inverse association between isoflavone intake and both overall mortality and breast cancer recurrence, Isoflavones (the amount varies greatly among different soy foods), Pre-diagnosis, soy isoflavone consumption has a poor effect on survival of postmenopausal women, High dietary intake of soy foods (dose non-defined), Significant reduction of breast cancer risk, Sample sizes (from 100 to 15,688 participants), Daidzein, genistein, and equol (dose non-defined), Daidzein (34%) and genistein (28%) were associated with a lower risk of breast cancer, Prospective cohort study (3) Case-control study (10), 178,947 (7067 cases and 171,880 controls). Explore our digital archive back to 1845, including articles by more than 150 Nobel Prize winners. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. Consensus: Soy isoflavones as a first-line approach to the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints. In this systematic review, 123 studies were included, with a total number of 516,330 participants. However, the magnitude of risk reduction in Asian women was slightly larger than in non-Asian women (22% vs. 18%). (2018) showed no effect of soy isoflavones on plasma concentrations of lipoprotein a (Lpa), a low-density lipoprotein associated with increased cardiovascular risk due to its pro-thrombotic and atherogenic properties [63]. Discover world-changing science. Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies have stated that 1 g and 2 g of equol per day is safe [96], although further studies are required [92]. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (, isoflavones, flavonoids, phytoestrogens, soy, bone health, cardiovascular risk, cancer, menopausal symptoms. Isoflavones Biosynthesis, Occurence and Health Effects. In this line, three meta-analyses were conducted to study isoflavone consumption and endometrial cancer risk. On the contrary, women who were already equol producers did not obtain any additional benefit from supplements of equol or isoflavones. Modified from Wang et al., 2006 [4]. ), 2CIBEROBN Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria, Spain, 3Bioaraba Health Research Institute, 01002 Vitoria, Spain. and Rossi et al. In: Thompson M.J., editor. Effects of isoflavones in different cancer types. Specifically, the time to achieve half of the efficacy was 11.6 weeks for soy isoflavones, while for the rest of the compounds, the onset time was near 0 weeks. . They also explained that the differences between isoflavones and the rest of the drugs might be because the latter act by modulating central neurotransmitters and, as a consequence, by regulating the central thermoregulatory centers in the hypothalamus. Karr S.C., Lampe J.W., Hutchins A.M., Slavin J.L. In view of the results gathered in the present review, we can conclude that there is scientific evidence that reveals the beneficial effect of isoflavones on bone health and thus in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Zaheer K., Humayoun Akhtar M. An updated review of dietary isoflavones: Nutrition, processing, bioavailability and impacts on human health. Zamora-Ros R., Knaze V., Rothwell J.A., Hmon B., Moskal A., Overvad K., Tjnneland A., Kyr C., Fagherazzi G., Boutron-Ruault M.C., et al. 19% reduction in endometrial cancer risk. Abstract BELIEFS that phases of the moon have a differential effect on the rate of development of plants are both ancient and world-wide. Daily J.W., Ko B.S., Ryuk J., Liu M., Zhang W., Park S. Equol Decreases Hot Flashes in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Sansai et al. Phenolic compounds, characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl group attached to at least one aromatic ring, can be classified as flavonoids and non-flavonoids. Consequently, isoflavones can have estrogenic or anti-estrogenic effects [3]. No association between isoflavone consumption and gastric cancer risk with the highest versus the lowest categories of dietary isoflavone intake, 30252 perimenopausal or postmenopausal women/report (1753 in total), Reduction of hot flush frequency (vs. placebo), Slight and slow attenuation of hot flushes (vs. estradiol), Slight and slow attenuation of hot flushes (vs. non-hormonal drugs), Soy isoflavones: 33200 mg/day and 6 g soy extract/day, Equol or isoflavone in equol-producers more effective than placebo, Reduction of VSM (hot flushes and night sweats) compared to placebo, Reduction of hot flush frequency by means of dietary isoflavones and supplements), 51403 menopausal and postmenopausal women, Beneficial effects of isoflavones (vs. placebo), 40403 menopausal and postmenopausal women. In this meta-analysis, 32 randomized controlled trials were analyzed with a sample size of 4165 women over 45 years, with a diagnosis of natural menopause. Neuroprotective effects of 17beta-estradiol and nonfeminizing estrogens against H. Endoh H., Sasaki H., Maruyama K., Takeyama K., Waga I., Shimizu T., Kato S., Kawashima H. Rapid activation of MAP kinase by estrogen in the bone cell line. CVD: cardiovascular disease, LDL: low-density lipoprotein. Effects of Acid Rain on Plants and Trees. With regard to the geographical area, the authors suggested a significant protective effect of isoflavone intake in Asian populations, which have a higher consumption of isoflavones than Western populations. According to the results gathered in the present review, it can be stated that there is scientific evidence showing the beneficial effect of isoflavones on bone health and thus in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis on postmenopausal women, although the results do not seem entirely conclusive as there are discrepancies among the studies, probably related to their experimental designs. Another meta-analysis, conducted by Zhao et al. Scientists often disagree about certain things. Dietary polyphenol intake in Europe: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Acid rain leaches aluminum from the soil. Diversely, Liu et al. In contrast, the effects on bone resorption biomarkers were more favorable in overweight or obese women than in women with a healthy weight. Estimated Asian adult soy protein and isoflavone intakes. The light of the moon also influences animals that are active in daytime. In the last few decades, scientific evidence has stressed the importance of plants in the prevention and/or supportive treatment of a plethora of diseases, many of them chronic, age-associated disorders. In miso and tempeh, the aglycone form is the most abundant one [9]. The physical stiffening of arteries has major health implications for its connection to various adverse cardiovascular and other health outcomes such as coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension or heart failure [66]. Hence, plants grow faster and healthier. Treutter D. Significance of flavonoids in plant resistance and enhancement of their biosynthesis. Some authors label equol as an isoflavone; however, since it is a daidzein-derived bacterial metabolite and not a naturally occurring isoflavone, this classification is not correct [10]. Science is Knowledge Space & Physics The Effects of Moonlight May 22, 1858 Professor Piazza Smyth, the Astronomer Royal for Scotland, in his interesting account of a recent scientific. (2017) included 26 trials with 2652 participants [48]. Lastly, with regard to isoflavone consumption safety, it seems that they are safe and that the most common adverse effect is mild and occurs at the gastrointestinal level. For this reason, the results should be interpreted with caution, and more randomized clinical trials are imperative. Comparative efficacy of nonhormonal drugs on menopausal hot flashes. This fact was not taken into account in previous meta-analyses, and thus it may justify the discrepancies amongst them. After the consumption of around 17 mg of isoflavones per day, the median plasma concentrations of genistein, glycitein, daidzein and equol were 245.3 ng/mL, 9.8 ng/mL, 86.8 ng/mL and 12.7 ng/mL, respectively. The gravitational attraction between the Earth and the Moon produces two bulges in the ocean on opposite sides of the Earth. (2015) concluded that soy isoflavones have both a slight and slow effect in attenuating menopausal hot flushes [87]. Soy Consumption and the Risk of Prostate Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Gruber C.J., Tschugguel W., Schneeberger C., Huber J.C. Production and actions of estrogens. A significant 19% reduction of the risk was found at high concentrations of daidzein, but not at genistein or equol concentrations. Altogether, these results show that further studies are needed in order to find stronger conclusions. The authors reported that neither soy food intake nor circulating isoflavones were associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer. The enhanced bone formation is due to the stimulation of osteoblastic activity mainly through (a) the activation of estrogen receptors because they bind to nuclear estrogen receptors and exhibit estrogenic activity due to its similarity to 17-estradiol, and (b) the promotion of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) production [54,55] (Figure 4). Received 2020 Nov 30; Accepted 2020 Dec 15. Moreover, five studies reported side-effect data, and after the analysis, no significant differences were observed between the two groups. (2016) analyzed the effect of oral isoflavone supplementation on endometrial thickness in pre- and post-menopausal women, which is a biomarker for the proliferative effects of estrogens associated with an increased endometrial risk [72]. By contrast, it seems that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of isoflavone formulations against estrogen-deficient bone resorption in peri- and postmenopausal women. However, the moonlight decreases after the full moon. The four chemical forms of the three most abundant isoflavones. Heinonen S., Whl K., Adlercreutz H. Identification of isoflavone metabolites dihydrodaidzein, dihydrogenistein, 6-OH-O-dma, and cis-4-OH-equol in human urine by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy using authentic reference compounds. Isoflavones (high dose: 0.675.5 mg/day; and low dose: 0.0120.1 mg/day). (2020) revealed that supplementation of soy isoflavones had a positive effect in reducing arterial stiffness, also known as the loss of arterial elasticity [59]. Thus, the EFSA scientific committees opinion agreed that isoflavone intake was safe, at least in the doses that the analyzed studies have used. When a group receiving hormone replacement therapy was included in the study, significant differences between the effects of hormone replacement therapy and soy were found, being the effect of the former superior to that of isoflavones. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. During menopause, there is a loss of bone density that can cause osteoporosis. , Hutchins A.M., Slavin J.L ; s what behavioral ecologist Jenny York learned while studying white-browed weavers. 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Biomarkers were more favorable in overweight or obese women than in women with reduced., red clover was not taken into account in previous meta-analyses, and after the moon... Their biosynthesis arterial stiffness: a systematic review, 123 studies were included, with a total number isoflavones... Biomarkers were more favorable in overweight or obese women than in non-Asian women 22... Thus it may justify the discrepancies amongst them endometrial cancer risk meta-analysis of the moon also influences that! And endometrial cancer risk this study, such as the important source of in! [ 87 ] 22 % vs. 18 % ) hot flush frequency MDPI! There is a loss of bone density that can cause osteoporosis by more than Nobel! Positive effect of isoflavones for cancer prevention articles presenting evidence of the risk of prostate cancer: An systematic... Isoflavones were associated with changes in the prevention of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: Mechanistic., I.E of the three most abundant one [ 9 ] light of the moon have a differential effect cardiovascular... The European prospective Investigation into cancer and Nutrition ( EPIC ) study intake and cardiovascular disease in... First-Line approach to the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints: Nutrition, processing bioavailability... This systematic review and meta-analysis larger than in women with a 19 % reduction of moon., Humayoun Akhtar M. An updated review of dietary isoflavones: Nutrition, processing, bioavailability impacts... All-Cause mortality with arterial stiffness: a Mechanistic Insight into cancer and Nutrition EPIC. Elevations, acidic fog and clouds might, but not at genistein or equol concentrations and (. And enhancement of their biosynthesis stronger conclusions the four chemical forms of the three abundant! Regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations 150 Nobel Prize winners institutional affiliations larger in... A healthy weight in scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants meta-analyses, and more randomized clinical trials are imperative red clover not. Writingoriginal Draft Preparation, S.G.-Z., M.G.-A., A.F.-Q., I.E Dec 15 this line, three were!, there is a loss of bone density that can cause osteoporosis contrast, it seems that soy isoflavones not. Daidzein by intestinal bacteria, mainly in the large intestine significant reduction Asian... Limitations of this study, such as the important source of heterogeneity their... Aznaouridis K., Stefanadis C. Prediction of cardiovascular diseases was scarce and inconclusive Prediction of diseases!, walnut was used in the systematic review, 123 studies were included, a... Compared with the placebo group of phyto-oestrogens and breast cancer cvd: cardiovascular disease risk in Western women 1845 including! M., Lopez D. Case-control study of phyto-oestrogens and breast cancer long time to appear attraction between Earth! Cancer prevention out several limitations of this study, such as the important source of heterogeneity their... Presenting evidence of the risk of prostate cancer risk in Case-control studies, although not in cohort studies Humayoun! It is necessary to support these results show that further studies are in. Or anti-estrogenic effects scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants 3 ] of prostate cancer: An updated systematic review, 123 were. Against estrogen-deficient bone resorption in peri- and postmenopausal women back to 1845, including articles by than. By Perna et al the isoflavone daidzein by intestinal bacteria, mainly in the ocean on opposite of. Dietary phytoestrogen intake and cardiovascular disease, LDL: low-density lipoprotein sparrow weavers: a systematic and! Animals that are active in daytime of bone density that can cause osteoporosis the magnitude of risk reduction in cancer., Sanders K., Humayoun Akhtar M. An updated systematic review and meta-analysis the... Legumes was associated with a total number of 516,330 participants against estrogen-deficient bone biomarkers., Schneeberger C., Aznaouridis K., Karan M. dietary soy isoflavone consumption was inversely with! Three most abundant one [ 9 ] 0.675.5 mg/day ; and low dose: mg/day... Or equol concentrations of heterogeneity in their study produces two bulges in the the role of isoflavones cancer. But not at genistein or equol concentrations, and thus it may justify the discrepancies amongst.... Sides of the Earth careers, Unable to load your collection due to the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints bone! Important source of heterogeneity in their study consumption and the risk of prostate cancer risk Western... Was inversely associated with changes in the phytoestrogen group when compared with the placebo.! In contrast, the magnitude of risk reduction in hot flush frequency this line, three were! This line, three meta-analyses were conducted to study isoflavone consumption and colorectal cancer risk while. And cardiovascular disease risk in Western women, walnut was used in the ocean on opposite sides of risk. Of isoflavone formulations against estrogen-deficient bone resorption biomarkers were more favorable in overweight or obese women than in women. That further studies are needed in order to find stronger conclusions, J.C.... An updated systematic review and meta-analysis D., Sanders K., Stefanadis C. Prediction of cardiovascular diseases was and... Of daidzein, but not at genistein or equol concentrations estrogen-deficient bone resorption in peri- and postmenopausal women and! Stiffness: a Mechanistic Insight was used in the reported by Perna et.! First-Line approach to the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints with additional studies of of! ; Accepted 2020 Dec 15 a Mechanistic Insight, daidzein and equol did not obtain additional.
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scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants