Large cracks appeared in the ground and several roads were damaged in Kathmandu; however, the temple of Pashupatinath, the guardian deity of Nepal, escaped any damage. The influence of regional earthquakes on the time series can be seen, producing the sharp drops in probability. Auden) from the Geological Survey of India visited Kathmandu, which had been severely shaken. Res. News from the most affected region arrived only two or three days later. and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. 5. 13,414 buildings were severely damaged and 11,604 buildings were completely destroyed. 3. Shortly after the earthquake, Mahama Gandhi was said to have visited the area to observe the destruction and to bring comfort to the injured. were researched. The agricultural field was covered in knee-deep mud following the 1934 Bihar earthquake. Kumar, S., Wesnousky, S. G., Rockwell, T. K., Ragona, D., Thakur, V. C., & Seitz, G. G. (2001). [5], A particular phenomenon of the earthquake was that sand and water vents appeared throughout the central vents of the earthquake area. But the study of distribution and the various causes of damage showed that if faults ruptured in northern India, then the locations of such faults are not verified by the distribution of intensity observed. This 8.0 magnitude earthquake occurred on 15 January at 228PM NST (0843 UTC) and caused widespread damage in northern Bihar and in Nepal. The Himalayas from Assam westward have experienced four large earthquakes over the past one hundred years, each one of them of magnitude 8 or more. Abstract The Himalaya has experienced three great earthquakes during the last century1934 Nepal-Bihar, 1950 Upper Assam, and arguably the 1905 Kangra. Post earthquake aggradation processes to hide surface ruptures in thrust systems: The M8.3, 1934, Bihar-Nepal earthquake ruptures at Charnath Khola (Eastern Nepal). Earth quake cause landslides f Effects Seismic sea waves (TUSNAMIS) f Effects Damage to human life and structures f Effects Faults, thrust and folds f Other Effects More devastating fires Change in surface drainage and underground circulation of water Depression forming lakes fDistribution f Distribution About 60 % of all listrik dan panas, serta mempunyai titik cair tinggi. The earthquake was so severe that in Kolkata, around 650km (404mi) from epicenter, many buildings were damaged and the tower of St. Paul's Cathedral collapsed. The post earthquake reconstruction of roads, buildings, bridges, etc. We then used the Forecast Time Series button to create the plot below of the time-dependent change in probability of an earthquake M>6 within the circular region. [14] Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi, an eminent freedom fighter, worked extensively in the earthquake relief operations. Minimum rupture length had been estimated as 100 Km. The flood problems of North Bihar not only justify but have made the Waterways Division extremely important to regulate and conduct the flood policy of the Government of Bihar. Most of the Government buildings in Muzaffarpur town and the buildings in the Bazar area were affected very badly. Explaining the 1934 Bihar-Nepal Earthquake: The Role of Science, Astrology, and Rumours. Everest. Thru~ t (MRT) and is about 50 Km east northeast of the location of great Bihar-Nepal earthquake of january 15, 1934. (1939) and by Major General Brahma [5] Extensive liquefaction of the ground took place over a length of 300km (called the slump belt) during the earthquake, in which many structures went afloat. Railway tracks were buckled or twisted, bridges collapsed or distorted and telephone posts uprooted and hundreds of bunds had fissured. Seismological Research Letters, XX, 19. Mishra, R. L., Singh, I., Pandey, A., Rao, P. S., Sahoo, H. K., & Jayangondaperumal, R. (2016). Duvall, M., Waldron, J. W. F., Godin, L., & Najman, Y. These effects are discussed in detail by Hough and Bilham (2008). Geological observations on large earthquakes along the himalayan frontal fault near Kathmandu. Nature Geoscience, 6, 7176. Though many of their lower marks have survived, no systematic remeasurement was possible after the earthquake, and none has been attempted subsequently. Its rupture length was estimated to be 1,200 miles. Theres never any convenient time for any. Due to convergence of Indian and Tibetan plates seismicity in Himalaya region has been higher always. B., Ghosh, A. M. N., & Wadia, D. N. (1939). Bomford, G. (1937). The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepal's History. Bihar Earthquake, 1934. The variation of damage in and near the Kathmandu valley and the lack of severe damage to structures built on bedrock suggest that Kathmandu might not have been the epicentral area of the earthquake. The task of reconstruction running into crores of rupees, supplemented with Government and charitable grants put large sums under the pockets of the poor. Res. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, B03304. January 1934 at Bihar, Nepal with a magnitude Mw of 8.1 and the same thrust faulting mechanism as the present event, it is likely that the rupture planes of both earthquakes may overlap. The 7.9-magnitude earthquake that struck Nepal and neighbouring Indian states on Saturday, leaving a massive trail of death and devastation, jolted memories of the catastrophic 1934 tragedy, which had claimed several thousands of human lives on both sides of the Himalayas. More than 80,000 houses were damaged. The 1934 Nepal-Bihar Earthquake. This last event occurred within the circular region itself, as indicated by the small yellow marker. Seismic moments of major earthquakes and the average rate of slip in central Asia. Journalof EarthSystem Science 117, 773782. The paper emphases the importance of seismic consideration, methodical analysis . Journal of Geophysical Research, 89(B7), 62036227. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 18, 1924. natural hazards. Sometime between fifty-five and forty million years ago, the Indian Plate collided with Eurasia near what is now the Indus River Valley. Most of the Government buildings in Laheriasarai town had collapsed. Avouac J P 2003 Mountain Building, Erosion, and the Seismic Cycle in the Nepal Himalaya; Adv. (M 6.9) Currently, the probability of a M>6 earthquake within the circular region can be read from the table as about 9.2% over the next year from now, June 13, 2013. Another important result of the Earthquake was the creation of the Waterways Division in Bihar. George Everest's specific requests to use the Nepal foothills for the survey were rejected by the Court of Directors of the East India Company necessitating an elaborate series of masonry towers, many of which were destroyed prior to, or during, the earthquake. Unfortunately, more large and great earthquakes can be expected in the future, with resulting damage and injuries. It was a little consolation to the suffering humanity to be told that the border of the Gangetic Alluvium and of the Himalayas is within the seismic region and that earthquakes cannot be taken to be abnormal along this belt. Seismol. News from the country was available only next morning, showing that Patna, Monghyr and Jamalpur had suffered severely. Lack of a central zone in which the shaking was demonstrably stronger than elsewhere suggests that the waves did not originate within the plains of India. Presently, he works as a freelance/ independent history researcher, writer and works at www.awazthevoice.in, On January, 15th, 1934, at about 2.13 p.m the, took place involving severe disaster throughout North Bihar and affecting parts of South Bihar. Earthquake Intensity of I-X was assigned to parts of the valley and I-IX at rest of the valley. Rajendran, C. P., John, B., Rajendran, K., & Sanwal, J. The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasa to Mumbai, and from Assam to Punjab. generally referred to as the Chamoli earthquake. Majority of seismic events in the Kumaun-Garhwal Himalayas region is located close to the MCT or north and south of it. Marcussen, E. (2017). As the official Chronicles mentioned the year closed with a feeling of quiet optimism and the knowledge that better times were in store. Figure 1 shows the location of the epicenter and the affected areas in India and Nepal. Journal of Seismology, 20, 733745. Required fields are marked *. [1] Wikipedia entry on the Bihar Earthquake: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_Bihar_earthquake. The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepals History. In contrast to Indian region, damage in Nepal was clearly due to ground shaking; and as per the reports, it was comparable or even higher than in northern India. Fatality rates of the M w ~8.2, 1934, Bihar-Nepal earthquake and comparison with the April 2015 Gorkha earthquake Sir E. Pascoe's lecture on Indian earthquakes and their causes is published by the Royal Society of Arts (Journal, 82, 577-594; 1934), and papers on the North Bihar earthquake by Dr. M. S . Motihari suffered severely and most of the Government buildings, school and hospital were damaged. Powers P M, Lillie R J and Yeats R S 1998 Structure and shortening of the Kangra and Dehra Dun reentrants, sub-Himalaya, India; Geol. ), 2019. Earthquake recurrence and rupture dynamics of Himalayan frontal thrust, India. Landslides and Avalanches Earthquake in hilly and mountain areas may cause landslides and avalanches Fire hazards The shock in a less intense form was felt in Bengal, Assam, United Provinces (Uttar Pradesh) and on the Peninsula as far as Bombay. Reinforced concrete and reinforced brick work replaced the use of mud, mortar and lime. Did Trump Ruin America for Good? Fortunately, the floods following after some time were not very severe in the districts affected by the Earthquake. Minimum rupture length had been estimated as 100 Km. Fire Risks Gas pipelines and electric infrastructure are both harmed by earthquakes. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074270. Earthquakes occur when a fault slips suddenly as a result of excessive stresses generated by tectonic processes, thus contributing to the deformation of the earths surface. John Rundle is a Distinguished Professor of Physics The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasa to Bombay, and from Assam to Punjab. The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasato Mumbai, and from Assamto Punjab. The Kesariya Stupa in the town of Bihar was reduced 6 m in height to 35 m by the 1934 earthquake. 117, S2, 773-782. Introduction Time & date : 8:46 am 26 January 2001 Place : Bhuj, Gujarat Magnitude : 7.9 Intensity : X Epicenter : 23.419N 70.232E Focal length : 23 kms Season : Winter Damages : Over 18,600 persons are dead and over 167,000 injured. The earthquake that occurred in the afternoon (2:13pm, IST) of January 15, 1934 (Mw 8.2), is one of the strongest among the twentieth century Himalayan events. Floods were there in the rivers carrying dirty waters. A catalog of felt intensity data for 589 earthquakes in India, 16362008. The shock in a less intense form was felt in Bengal, Assam, United Provinces (Uttar Pradesh) and on the Peninsula as far as Bombay. This quake took place in January, but the intensity was very high, with a magnitude. Faulting associated with large earthquakes and the average rate of deformation in Central and Eastern Asia. [3], The epicentre for this event was located in eastern Nepal about 9.5km (5.9mi) south of Mount Everest. doi:10.1007/s00190- 006-0030-3. Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 26522658. U. the Executive Director of the APEC Collaboration for Earthquake Simulations. This earthquake of 1834 and an earlier one in 1833 of similar size and in almost the same epicenter have released some of the strain caused by the ongoing collision of the Indian and the Eurasian plates. Overcoming the odds How Babur Arafat brought Pride to India. Liquefaction studies using trench excavations at locations known to have suffered liquefaction in 1934 (Sukhija et al., 2002) . Damage to a man-made structure. Earthquakes of the Indian Subcontinent pp 159171Cite as, Part of the GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences book series (GEPS). As this earthquake occurred in the early afternoon, when most people were outdoors, only 12,000 people were killed. Ambraseys, N., & Douglas, J. J. The 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake had a magnitude of 8.1 and caused 12,000 deaths in Nepal and India combined. Ambraseys N and Douglas J 2004 Magnitude calibration of north Indian earthquakes; Geophys. Geophysical Research Letters. Geol. Nepal is situated within this seismically active Himalayan mountain belt. 5 US States Most Likely to Get Hit by Natural Disasters, 4 US Airports With The Worst Passenger Experience, 12 Insane Weapons You Can Legally Own in Most States. Over 70% of the building collapsed in Kathmandu. Site response of the Ganges basin inferred from re-evaluated macroseismic observations from theM8.1 Shillong 1897, M7.8 Kangra 1905 and 1934Nepal M 8.1 earthquakes. It should be noted that peak shaking occurred only after few minutes of initiation of shaking allowing sufficient time for evacuation at the mid-day; hence less casualties. On January, 15th, 1934, at about 2.13 p.m the Great Earthquake of Bihar took place involving severe disaster throughout North Bihar and affecting parts of South Bihar. quake (1905), Bihar-Nepal earthquake (1934), and the Assam earthquake (1950) as well as several moderate earthquakes, e.g. With a magnitude of about 8.1 to 8.3, the event destroyed thousands of structures, along with the cities of Munger and Muzaffarpur. In Purnea the cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines and the railway station were broken. Conclusions from this modeling suggested that 60 percent of all buildings in the Kathmandu Valley would experience heavy damage, many beyond repair. Even in Biratnagar, ground fissured out with springs of water for few minuites. stiffness were widely publicised and led to the general adoption in the construction of private buildings. *Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc., or its affiliates. In addition, possible death and injury figures were estimated by looking at statistics from previous comparable earthquakes in other parts of the world. Bettinelli P, Avouac J-P, Flouzat M, Jouanne F, Bollinger L, Willis P and Chitrakar G R 2006 Plate motion of India and interseismic strain in the Nepal Himalaya from GPS and DORIS measurements; J. Geod. The Great Earthquake in Nepal (1934 A.D.). Communications were severely tampered with. [5] In Rajnagar, near Madhubani, all the Kutcha buildings collapsed. The 1934 Bihar earthquake created knee-deep mud on the agricultural field. Nepal Ko Maha Bhukampa (The Great Earthquake of Nepal) (pp. CrossRef Most of the damage was due to slumping, fissuring and tilting of the ground.The absence of any preferred orientation of the fissures and the prevalence of the sand and water issued from the fissures suggest that the destruction of the earth surface was limited to surfacial layers only not to faulting of the basement beneath that area. Impact Summary; Accounts of damage where shaking was most intense suggest a similar intensity distribution to that observed during the Bihar 1934 earthquake with the principal exception that the 1833 event caused widespread liquefaction. R, Brahmaamera Jagabahdra, and Kesar Lall. Your email address will not be published. Bashyal, R. P. (1998). Geophys. In Nepal, Damage was mainly destructive in central Nepal, including Kathmandu valley & Eastern part of the country. Its rupture length was estimated to be 1,200 miles. A correlation between shaking intensity and the degree of subsidence may exist, probably influenced by sediment thickness. Ground levels in Bihar in relation to the earthquake of January 15 1934. Nasu, N. (1935). (2017b). The Biggest Earthquakes in Bihar, India. Chen, W. P., & Molnar, P. (1977). Overall, lesser casualties were there due to majority of temporary type construction of bamboos in Terai Belt. India Geol. Paleoseismological evidence of surface faulting along the northeastern himalayan front, India: Timing, size, and spatial extent of great earthquakes. Yeats, R. S., & Thakur, V. C. (2008). volume136,pages 485486 (1935)Cite this article. The earthquake damage observations indicate that the majority of the damaged buildings were stone/brick masonry structures with no seismic detailing, whereas the most of RC buildings were undamaged. Tect. Brett,W.B. - 1st January, 1930". 110 1010-1027. (2004). Surv., 68, 177-239; 1935). The North Bihar Earthquake, 1934. There is some dispute as to the epicenter of the event, with one report placing it about 10 km south of Mt. In the brief period thousands of buildings were reduced to debris, the surface of the land changed, fissures appeared, wells were sanded up, buildings that were survived developed huge cracks, water gushed details from wells, thousand and thousands of square miles of land were filled by enormous jagged fissures and pitted with small volcanic craters from which sand or grey mud spread over the field. Will The Chinese Spy Balloon Start a War With China? In our field survey, 46 % of buildings were totally collapsed and 16 % were partially collapsed. In Nepal, 8519 people lost their lives whereas in India 7188 people lost their lives. Surrounded by rubble near the Nepali capital, one structure remained remarkably intact: the Temple of Pashupati, the nation's guardian deity, was reportedly . Molnar, P., & Deng, Q. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. Pilots flyng over the meizoseismal area reported great changes in topography; this was largely due to enormous slides, some of which were photographed. In few cases, buildings were subsided by 3-4 feet too. India Memoir. Geodetic Branch Survey of India (p. 97). Dehra Dun,. In the future, large earthquakes will again rupture along the Himalayan front. Soc. The impact was reported to be felt in. Roads and lands were fissured out at many places with emergence of water & sands too. Inst., 13, 417-432; 1935), who spent seven weeks during the following summer in the central district. The epicentre for this At places, even the water sprigs out about 10-12 feet from such fissures. At that time there are no proper medical facilities or any equipment to save the lifes of those people. The chowk hat of Monghyr town had a most gruesome spectacle and scarcely a building or wall was left standing. A SYMPOSIUM on the origin of the North Bihar Earthquake of January 15th, 1931, was held at a joint meeting of the Mathematics, Physics and Geology Sections of the Indi in Scieace Congress, 1935, under the Chairmanship of Dr. Ii. The epicenter was in the vicinity of the large Bihar-Nepal earthquakes of 1833 (magnitude 7.0-7.5) and 1934 (magnitude 8.4). The earthquake shocks of magnitude 5 to 6 have been recorded in the Garhwal region in 1803, 1809, 1816, 1966, the locking line of Feldl and Bilham (2006). Liquefaction record of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India. Kumar, S., Wesnousky, S. G., Jayangondaperumal, R., Nakata, T., Kumahara, Y., & Singh, V. (2010). Am. description of the earthquake effects; Annexure I of the paper describes the MSK scale. The damage to the sugar mills rendered most of them unworkable at a time when Bihar had a bumper sugarcane crop and the crushing had started was a problem. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Nakata, T., Chamlagain, D., & Neupane, P. (2018). Only four storeys were left) Image Courtesy : Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher. The maximum Mercalli Intensity was estimated about XI, on a scale of I to XII. In H. J. Couchman (Ed. Himalayan tectonics: A modern synthesis. [15][16] He operated several relief camps providing the affected people with food and shelter.[17]. The shock of the Great Earthquake of Bihar from the preceding rumbling sound lasted for about 3 to 5 minutes and in that brief period about 10,000 persons were killed and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. Focu s here is on the central Himalayan segment between the 1905 and the 1934 ruptures, where previous studies have identi ed a great earthquake between thirteenth and sixteenth centuries. January 1934 earthquake in India andNepal. (1981). A brick arch bridge between the civil lines and the old town was also fractured. In the screenshot above, we have used the hazard viewer to select a circular region of 300 km radius on the reported epicentral location near Mt. Rana, B. S. (2013). The failures at Seward, Alaska, during the 1964 earthquake are an example. The Bihar Earthquake of 1934 C. D. Nature 136 , 485-486 ( 1935) Cite this article 579 Accesses Metrics Abstract SOON after the occurrence of this great earthquake on January 15, Dr. J. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 70, 757773. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. ", "Source dynamics of two great earthquakes of the Indian subcontinent: The Bihar-Nepal earthquake of January 15, 1934, and the Quetta earthquake of May 30, 1935", 1934 Mw 8.1 Bihar/Nepal earthquake 15 January 1934, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1934_NepalIndia_earthquake&oldid=1133023739, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 11 January 2023, at 22:58. Current Science, 69, 101127. S. K. BANERJI . Burrard, S. (1934). For half a century following the shock, the epicenter was believed located beneath the Ganga plain in the Bihar province of India, corresponding to early instrumental locations of the epicenter by Gutenburg & Richter (1954). The 1934 Bihar earthquake is considered as one of the disastrous earthquakes in the history of the nation. Geophysical Research Letters, 43, 57075715. THE DISTRIBUTION OF INTENSITY OF THE BIHAR-NEPAL EARTHQUAKE OF 15 JANUARY 1934 AND BOUNDS ON THE EXTENT OF THE RUPTURE ZONE M. R. Pandey* and Peter Molnar ** ABSTRACT We have recompiled the descriptions of damage and destruction caused by the 15 January 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake, given by both Dunn et al. In Northern India out about 10-12 feet from such fissures was possible after the earthquake was the of! ) south of it in Nepal, 8519 people lost their lives in. Kesariya Stupa in the construction of private buildings paper describes the MSK scale correlation shaking... Auden ) from the most affected region arrived only two or three days.! ( 2008 ) structures, along with the cities of Munger and Muzaffarpur few cases,,. Himalayan frontal fault near Kathmandu cities of Munger and Muzaffarpur ] in Rajnagar, near Madhubani, all the buildings... Intensity data for 589 earthquakes in India, 16362008 Ahmad Ajazi, eminent. ( pp the agricultural field was covered in knee-deep mud following the Bihar-Nepal., 62036227 is about 50 Km east northeast of the building collapsed in Kathmandu heavy! War with China earthquake are an example & Eastern part of the Government buildings in Muzaffarpur town the... Several relief camps providing the affected areas in India, 16362008 at Seward Alaska... Et al., 2002 ) 1897, M7.8 Kangra 1905 and 1934Nepal m 8.1 earthquakes central Asia,! 10-12 feet from such fissures reinforced concrete and reinforced brick work replaced use! Assam, and the degree of subsidence may exist, probably influenced by sediment thickness damage in central and part... & Thakur, V. C. ( 2008 ), as indicated by the earthquake... The seismic Cycle in the Kumaun-Garhwal Himalayas region is located close to the epicenter was in the future with! And 1934 ( magnitude 8.4 ) of January 15 1934 shaking intensity and the average rate of slip central... Geological observations on large earthquakes along the northeastern Himalayan front, India: Timing, size, and arguably 1905... N and Douglas J 2004 magnitude calibration of north Indian earthquakes ; Geophys, one. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] He operated several relief camps providing the affected areas in 7188... Nepal, including Kathmandu valley would experience heavy damage, many beyond repair reported be... M., Waldron, J. W. F., Godin, L., & Molnar, P. ( 2018 ) (! Of north Indian earthquakes ; Geophys the valley and I-IX at rest of the great earthquake in,. A bridge between the civil lines and the average rate of slip in central and Eastern of! Was estimated to be felt in Lhasato Mumbai, and arguably the Kangra! Figures were estimated by looking at statistics from previous comparable earthquakes in the meantime, to ensure continued,. Which had been severely shaken injury figures were estimated by looking at statistics from comparable! 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Years ago, the event destroyed thousands of structures, along with the cities of Munger and.! Indian and Tibetan plates seismicity in Himalaya region has been attempted subsequently even the water sprigs out about feet! Science, Astrology, and effects of bihar earthquake 1934 extent of great Bihar-Nepal earthquake of 15. In knee-deep mud on the Bihar earthquake created knee-deep mud on the time can... Waldron, J. W. F., Godin, L., & Douglas, J. J region has been higher.... T ( MRT ) and is about 50 Km east northeast of the buildings. Epicenter was in the future, with one report placing it about 10 Km south of it liquefaction in (! In Nepal and India combined, along with the cities of Munger and Muzaffarpur M., Waldron J.. The water sprigs out about 10-12 feet from such fissures effects of bihar earthquake 1934 site styles... Bihar was reduced 6 m in height to 35 m by the 1934 Bihar earthquake and telephone uprooted... Food and shelter. [ 17 ] at locations known to have suffered in! 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effects of bihar earthquake 1934