For most, this meant a few months of schooling a year in a one-room rural schoolhouse. Social activists sought to end slavery and establish greater rights for women. Many types of reform movements existed during this period in the United States, and groups and causes only grew more splintered over time. This message of freedom was most clearly expressed in its associations with slave rebellions. An important example of the abolitionist voice in the South came from sisters from Charleston, South Carolina who had migrated north and become Quakers because of their abolitionism. Pace of Life Preference by Gender. In July 1848 they were finally able to call together a group together for the first national convention devoted to the issue of womens rights, the Seneca Falls Convention. Often, white abolitionists knowingly or unknowingly exploited stereotypes in their abolitionist efforts. Additional information is as follows: Chief among these physicians was Dr. Benjamin Rush of Pennsylvania. Gabriels brother, Martin, was recognized by the local black community as a lay-preacher. d. 12.0012.0012.00 Calvinism, which taught that only an elect few Christians would be saved, lost much of its appeal; Americans instead turned to a relatively new kind of Christianity, evangelicalism. Moreover, black congregations could not hold religious meetings without a licensed white minister present, presumably to assure that the right messages on slavery and freedom were the only ones presented from the pulpit. Its roots lay in the revivals of the Second Great Awakening, where religious reformers called for individuals to lead clean lives and to redeem their sinning neighbors. \quad\text{Preferred Stock)}&& \$ 2.20\\ One of the most prominent abolitionists of the era was William Lloyd Garrison, publisher of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator. The Burned-Over District was not only the site of revivals of the Protestant denominations of the Second Great Awakening, but also the birthplace of new religious movements such as the Millerites, a millennial group who preached that the Second Advent (or second coming) of Jesus was imminent. Much of this perception stems from the Cult of Domesticity. The temperance movement served as another outlet for the reforming impulses of women in the wake of the Second Great Awakening. \text{Equipment Mortgage Indebtedness}& 332,000 &1,300,000\\ For example, as Frederick Douglass rose to prominence as an orator in the abolitionist movement, he began speaking not only of his life as a slave, but also analyzing abolitionist policies. "gentlemen of property and standing" (p. 453). \textbf{Current Assets}\\ 14 A New Birth Of Freedom, Give Me Liberty Ch. \text{Convertible Preferred Stock}& \$ 2,000,000 &\$ 2,000,000\\ Young female teachers staffed many of the schools. What is its accounts receivable turnover? In his revival meetings, which were held nightly for a week or more, Finney prayed for the conversion of sinners by name in each community and called sinners down to the anxious bench, where those who were considering conversion were prayed for and where sinners were exhorted to confess and seek forgiveness. Moral reform groups promoted temperance, or abstinence from alcohol. In addition to cotton, the great commodity of the antebellum South was human chattel. Mainly, it had drastically weakened the ties that bound . \text{Building}& 4,000,000 &4,000,000\\ However, there were limits to spiritual equality; although all were spiritually equal in the eyes of God, for many believers, African Americans and women were still inferior to white men in all other ways. They worked tirelessly to promote the ideals of liberty, equality, and justice for all. What were the differences between the common school and the institutions like asylums, orphanages, and prisons that were created by reformers? Retained Earnings for 2013 Learn . Baptists and Methodists preached that all could achieve salvation and that all people were equal before God. Over the next two days, the insurrectionists killed some sixty white men, women, and children. \quad\text{Total Intangibles}& \$ 1,875,000 &\$ 2,000,000\\ Faster, MaleFemale23021820249048\begin{array}{rr}\text { Male } & \text { Female } \\ 230 & 218 \\ 20 & 24 \\ 90 & 48\end{array} The ____________ refers to an area of New York that was so affected by the Second Great Awakening that there was no more fuel to burn for the fire of religion. Frederick Douglass, an escaped slave, was a key leader of this society who often spoke at its meetings. With this message of spiritual equality, American Christian movements focused on the ordinary people as well as the marginalized of society for the first time. \text{Total Current Liabilities}& \$ 2,430,000 &\$ 1,800,000\\ Many people, accustomed to thinking of salvation as being determined by God alone, found the possibility of playing an active role in determining their religious fate exhilarating. In 1823, Smith recounted that an angel named Moroni had visited him. The temperance movement and organizations had more than a million supporters who enthusiastically held rallies and distributed pamphlets on the evils of demon rum. By the 1860s, their efforts had indeed slowed, but certainly did not stop, the average Americans consumption of alcohol. \text{Interest Expense} &&455,000\\ Do not delete this text first. \text{Retained Earnings, December 31, 2013}&& \$ 5,000,000\\ Why? For some, the issue initially boiled down to access to the slave population and the ability to bring the message to a wider audience. On the frontier, an offshoot of the Second Great Awakening sought to restore the Christian Church into one unified body patterned after the original, primitive, or fundamental, form of Christianity described in the New Testament. \text{Goodwill}& 1,125,000& 1,125,000\\ The sisters spoke before state legislations and were among the first women to speak in public forums before mixed sex groups. 2. - women at this time were fighting to show that they are just as good as men. Although Vesey's plans failed, southerners became terrified of losing control over slaves. The African Americans wanted equal rights and so the white Americans imposed that they would let them go back to Africa and have their freedom. \quad\text{Total Long-Term Debt}& \$ 5,000,000&\$ 6,000,000\\ \textbf{Investments}\\ Americans consumed huge quantities of liquor in the early 1800s, including gin, whiskey, rum, and brandy. \text{Chicago Finance Corporation (40\\\% Owned)}& \$ 4,000,000 &\$ 2,200,000\\ Many white abolitionists, despite their antislavery sentiments, refused to hire free black laborers. The Book of Mormon was published in 1830, and Smith began the formation of his church. Veseys plan called for teams of rebels to attack targets such as the arsenal and guardhouse. Debtors were punished by imprisonment. \quad\text{Total}& \$14,000,000 &\$13,200,000\\ Leadership and authority within the church was the exclusive domain of white men. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. The health reform experience of the past decade does provide a number of more specific lessons for us. The years after the War of 1812 brought a re-examination of American religious beliefs and their roles in society. "In the history of the world," Ralph Waldo Emerson declared in 1841, "the doctrine of Reform had never such scope as at the present hour." Not much a joiner of causes himself, Emerson had in mind a remarkable flowering of reform movements from roughly 1815 until the Civil War that were striking to observers at the time and to historians ever since for their energy, variety, and . Both were popularly-rooted movements that emphasized conversion and a spiritual rebirth through personal religious experiences. Over the course of the nineteenth century, many towns and counties became dry. Perhaps the greatest legislative victory for the temperance movement during the era of reform was Maines shortlived total ban on alcohol from 1851-1856. Add texts here. \text{Employee Payroll Expense}&& 3,000,000\\ The Second Great Awakening and the movement in religious revival in the United States had a profound impact on the United States. By 1850, about 3.2 million slaves labored in the United States, 1.8 million of whom worked in the cotton fields. The supporters and opponents of temperance understood the meaning of freedom differently because they believed that banning of alcoholic beverages would eliminate a number of problems in the U.S. Also, the opportunity to increase to compete for economic gain and individual self-improvement. In 1816, proponents of colonization of freed slaves founded this society, which promoted the gradual abolition of slavery and the settlement of black Americans in Africa. Two of the most significant reform movements to come out of the reform period of 1820-1840 were the anti-slavery movement and the womens rights movement. The market revolution had changed American society in many ways. After Turners execution, lawyer Thomas Grey published The Confessions of Nat Turner, an account of his conversations with Turner before he was tried. \textbf{Long-Term Debt}\\ His many autobiographies, including Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, were instrumental in giving voice to the enslaved and black Americans and inspired generations of black leaders and reformers who called for freedom for all populations. William Miller, a Baptist convert and editor of the Advent Herald, preached that October 22, 1844 would be the date of the Second Coming, basing his predictions on Biblical prophecy. Far more women than men were converted during the revivals of the Second Great Awakening. Margaret Fuller - wrote, had the same right to develop their talents, to "growto live freely and unimpeded.". The Seneca Falls Convention was an important beginning to the womens rights movement and became the basis for the organization of annual conventions to support and develop the movement in years to come. \text{Other Current Liabilities}& 460,000 &200,000\\ \text{Increase in Retained Earnings}&& \$ 2,200,000\\ The difference were common school and institution was open to all children and were getting educated, a free training for individuals. Many of his followers sold their worldly goods and gathered either in churches or in fields to await the arrival of Jesus. Questions relating to the financial statements of Chicago Corporation follow. Their intense and emotional atmosphere inspired a tremendous number of conversions. This movement, called the Restoration Movement, had two main centers: Kentucky and Pennsylvania/Western Virginia. \text{REVENUES}\\ \text{Machinery and Equipment}& 8,000,000 &7,300,000\\ Born into slavery in Maryland in 1819, he escaped from slavery as a young man and spent the rest of his life devoting himself to the cause of freedom for all. Preachers of the revival movement preached the equality of all before God but generally did not challenge the institution of slavery in much of the South. \text{Certificate of Deposit}& 225,000& \\ The era of reform was born in part from religious reformation: the charge to seek perfection, live a righteous life, and to help redeem sinners spread beyond church and camp meeting. The American relationship with alcohol was not an issue that was resolved in the era of reform. \text{Patent}& \$ 750,000 &\$ 875,000\\ \quad\text{Total Shareholders Equity}& \$11,000,000 &\$ 7,800,000\\ \text{Capitalized Lease Obligation}& 1,020,000& 1,100,000\\ Named after Thomas More's sixteenth-century novel Utopia, an outline of a perfect society. Legal. As a characteristic of the black community (free and slave) of Richmond during the period, evangelical Christianity was one part of Gabriels message of freedom. The antebellum women participated in the public sphere with their own groups that they made themselves after being excluded from government and politics. The movement began in the 1830s and revealed the growing consensus among northern free blacks on the importance of moral reform. c. 1,341.001,341.001,341.00 In every state, laws restricted the political and civil liberties of free African Americans. Preachers and believers all over the country saw humankind and society as good and perfectible, able to improve and strive to become more like God. In many cases, within the Garrisonian movement in particular, the role of the black speaker or the black writer or the black abolitionist was, in some ways, prescribed, as the famous case of Frederick Douglass' relationship with the Garrisionians. What were the major goals of antebellum reform? Teachers tend to be so . The Antebellum Period in American history is generally considered to be the period before the Civil War and after the War of 1812, although some historians expand it to all the years from the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 to the beginning of the Civil War. Many kinds of Americans worked in the reform movement, and membership in some movements overlapped. Much of this burst of creative energy was inspired by the work of Charles Finney. Mobs disrupted abolitionist meetings in northern cities. Such music remained after the revival and itinerant preacher were long gone. \quad\text{Total}& \$12,000,000 &\$ 9,200,000\\ Black and white abolitionists often had different agendas by the 1840s, and certainly in the 1850s. It provided a leading voice for abolition, in part through the publication of its newspaper, The National Anti-Slavery Standard. Beginning in the 1820s, reformers sought to combat the ignorance, vice, and ills of society through the public education of the nations youth. Two of the most significant reform movements to come out of the reform period of 1820-1840 were the anti-slavery movement and the womens rights movement. North and South white Americans want to colonization the African American slaves, it was response to for making African Americans slaves. Smith described Moroni as a son of the prophet Mormon and the last of the Nephites, descendants of Hebrews who had travelled to the Americas sometime around 500 BCE. Alcohol in many forms had been an important part of the diet of Americans from the founding of the colonies onward. In 1828, his Likeness to God sermon argued that true religion is marked by the believer becoming more and more like God. For the most part the reforms were a part of internal turmoil and the international scope was very limited. The church encouraged the formation of an extremely tight-knit community, driven by a strong sense of social obligation and a law of tithing which required Mormons to give 10% of their property at conversion and 10% of their yearly income thereafter. Throughout the South, slaves attended camp meetings. They found a lot of support abroad and there were many books and article published form other countries supporting reform . The American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS) (1833-1870) was an abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, and Arthur Tappan. \end{array} Book: United States History to 1877 (Locks et al. Abolitionism was perhaps the most radical of the reform movements of the era. Prisons existed not to rehabilitate criminals for their eventual return to society but to house them until the time that they would be punished, most often by fines, public whipping, or execution, also a public spectacle. The bonds between British and American reformers can be traced throughout the many social improvement projects of the nineteenth century. \text{Rosenwald Company (50\\\% Owned)}& 1,025,000& 900,000\\ Others worked to make basic education available to all or sought to improve conditions in prisons and asylums. Over the course of two days, the delegates discussed the role of women in society and debated the issue of womens right to vote. The early nineteenth century was a time of great reform in the United States. Workhouses were established to keep the poor from drunkenness, idleness, and gambling. Many women had greater freedom of expression in the church, but far fewer were granted leadership roles and authority. In asylums they receive temporary care and attention. Though many experienced the Second Great Awakening through revivals, others heard the message through the ministry of circuit-riding preachers. This is especially true of the Baptist church; independent black congregations were founded all over the South. For many slaves, the message was a promise of freedom, either in this world or in the afterlife. 30.4130.4130.41 Kentucky Congressional representative Henry Clay argued for colonization because of the unconquerable prejudice against blacks in the United States. In part, this was achieved by a certain theatricality of preaching. Antebellum reform efforts aimed at perfecting the spiritual and social worlds of individuals, and as an outgrowth of those concerns, some reformers moved in the direction of ensuring the health of American citizens. Black lay-preachers, not ordained but appointed by the church or community to lead services and preach, became important speakers for and within free and enslaved communities. Turner, who claimed to have experienced religious visions inspired by the Holy Spirit, used Biblical passages and his account of the visions to recruit more than seventy followers, both slave and free blacks, and incite rebellion. 0.080.080.08 One of the most widespread of the reform movements in the 1820s-1840s was the temperance movement, which called for reducing the use of (or abstaining from) alcoholic beverages. The ideals of the Second Great Awakening played a large role in the development of this reformist impulse. Required The early message also empowered African Americans, free and enslaved. )%2F13%253A_Antebellum_Revival_and_Reform%2F13.01%253A_Religious_Reforms_in_the_Antebellum_United_States, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 13.2: Cultural Movements- Transcendentalism, Utopian Communities, and the Cult of Domesticity, Second Great Awakening in the South and in Appalachia, Catherine Locks, Sarah Mergel, Pamela Roseman, Tamara Spike & Marie Lasseter, source@https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/history-textbooks/1/, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. \text{Land}& \$ 500,000 &\$ 400,000\\ Unitarians stressed the inherent goodness of humankind. Public education proved to be most accessible in the more urbanized northeast; in the rural, more agricultural regions of the south and west, school reform was not as effectively implemented. Turner was a literate, deeply religious man born into slavery in Southampton County, Virginia. Unlike the prevailing message of the Second Great Awakening in the Burned-Over district, the Mormon church was extremely patriarchial; women could achieve salvation only through obedience and submission to their husbands. The driving force behind the Latter Day Saint movement was its founder, Joseph Smith, Jr. The first and foremost of these goals was achieving the right to vote as an inalienable right of full, republican citizenship. "Big R" reform is hard to do and there are few examples of success in developing countries so far. For the urban poor, a very few were able to attend private charitable schools. Before the nineteenth century, crime, poverty, and mental illness in America were handled through family and voluntary efforts. (1) The only transaction affecting common or preferred shares during 2013 was the sale of treasury stock. Learn about temperance and abolition and . Early nineteenth-century, most children were educated in locally supported schools and many had no access to learning at all. \quad\text{Hutchinson Company}& 75,000 &2,000,000\\ Which of the following is not a component of stockholders equity? In 1822, Charleston was home to a large African Methodist Episcopal congregation, as well as large numbers of Methodist and Baptist African American congregations. Moreover, her reports on jails also aided in the efforts to reform prisons. There were still moments and events that made many Americans think that there was a lot of value in slavery in terms of free labor. Evangelical sects emphasized the resurrection of Christ, the primacy of scripture, the spiritual rebirth of believers, and the importance of proselytizing. Nevertheless, the American Colonization Society (ACS) emerged as the main voice of colonizationists in the United States. This experience empowered many women, who were encouraged to speak out, show devotion, and express themselves as spiritual equals. But Transcendentalism had many more participants whose interests ranged across the spectrum of antebellum reform. Why did so many prominent white Americans, from both the North and South, support the colonization of freed slaves? KEY TERMS: 1. So they want to stay in the United States. The result was the creation of penitentiaries, which sought to transform criminals into law abiding citizens through hard work, religious instruction, and isolation from the corruption of social vices. Revival and Religious Change. The temperance movement stemmed in part from new social conditions such as increasing urbanization immigration. (People to know). Sold more than 1 million copies by 1854 and it also inspired numerous stage versions. \end{array} Other important politicians, including James Madison and Abraham Lincoln, favored repatriation rather than emancipation. \text{Equity in Earnings of Affiliates:}\\ Hudson River school of art: Americans painters also sought to achieve a sense of nationality in art. The struggle to end slavery has a long history both globally and in the United States; indeed, the struggle to end slavery emerged at roughly the same time as slavery itself. State colonization movements emerged as well, leading to the establishments of African colonies such as the Republic of Maryland and Mississippi in Africa. Antebellum culture in America reflected the growing sectional crisis, at times seeking to pave over sectional differences and at other times making light of them. Women were sick of oppression and it was time to finally fight for equal rights; while the African Americans were to get more rights it was only right for the women to gain these rights as well. Much of the influence for this reformist influence came from the Second Great Awakening and its call to redeem sinners, as well as its belief in the goodness of humans. During the 1830s and 1840s, Americans embarked on a program of institution building - jails for criminals, poorhouses for the destitute, asylums for the insane, and orphanages for children without families. By the 1790s, these two churches were gaining great popularity in the United States. 13 A House Divided - Revi, EOAC 1700 Conflict Management & Resolution, EOAC 1600 EO Complaint Process & Interview Sk, Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management, Anderson's Business Law and the Legal Environment, Comprehensive Volume, David Twomey, Marianne Jennings, Stephanie Greene, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine. Reformers argued that education prepares youth for social and civic duties as adults. \text{Deferred Tax Liability} &\$ 1,570,000 &\$ 1,400,000\\ It is also during this time that higher education began to open to women. Unlike other reform movements, womens rights challenged the notion of separate spheres and the idea of true womanhood. Historians Ellen Carol DuBois and Lynn Dumenil argue that womens rights challenged the most basic idea of true womanhoodthe selfless nature of womenbecause womens rights advocacy led women to insist that they had the same claim on individual rights to life, liberty, property, and happiness as men. The work to achieve the vote made no substantive progress in the antebellum period. The increasing urbanization of the United States and the large numbers of immigrants, especially Germans, had transformed the nation in ways that were unfamiliar and that some found threatening. To what degree was antebellum reform international in scope? "Neither a Slave nor a King" intervenes in the scholarly debate over the "antislavery origins" of the sectional crisis in antebellum America - how the rise of a northern antislavery movement escalated the sectional tensions that led to southern secession and the Civil War. The reformist impulse also stemmed from new social conditions. Antebellum Reform Imagination A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the American Studies Program The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Robert Kent Nelson 2006. What are the other consequences? White abolitionists warned him that people would cease to believe that he had ever been enslaved if he sounded too educated and advised him to leave the complex analysis to the whites. \quad\text{Total Assets}& \$20,000,000 &\$17,000,000\\ For many, religious revivals, popularly called camp meetings, were their first real experience with organized religion. The angel led him to a hillside near his fathers farm and revealed the Book of Mormon, etched on golden tablets. ), { "13.01:_Religious_Reforms_in_the_Antebellum_United_States" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.
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to what degree was antebellum reform international in scope